Grader grass is a tussock grass up to 2 m tall. It outcompetes native plants and reduces productivity in grazing lands.
Grader grass can form dense infestations that:
Grader grass is a robust annual (sometimes biennial) tussock grass up to 2 m tall that turns brown, orange-red or golden when it matures.
Leaves are:
Seedheads:
Seeds are:
Stems are:
Roots are
Similar looking plants:
Grader grass looks similar to some native Australian grasses including:
In NSW plants have naturalised in the North Coast and South East regions. It is also present along much of coastal Queensland, the Northern Territory and northern parts of Western Australia.
Grader grass is native to India and was first found in Australia in 1935. It is likely to have been accidentally introduced in contaminated straw packing.
What type of environment does it grow in?
Grader grass can grow in a wide range of conditions including tropical, subtropical and semi-arid climates. In Australia it has been found in areas with 450 to over 2000 mm of annual rainfall. It prefers well drained soils.
Grader grass grows:
Plants can start producing seed when they are only 10 weeks old. Dense infestations of grader grass may have over 20,000 seeds per square metre. Most seeds fall close to the parent plant and seed germinate in moist conditions with adequate light, usually spring and summer but they may germinate year round. Most seed is viable for about 15 months.
The seeds can spread:
Abom, R., Vogler, W., & Schwarzkopf, L. (2015). Mechanisms of the impact of a weed (grader grass, Themeda quadrivalvis) on reptile assemblage structure in a tropical savannah. Biological Conservation, 191, 75-82.
Identic Pty Ltd. & Lucid central (2016). Environmental Weeds of Australia Fact sheet: Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze . Retrieved 23 August 2023 from https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/themeda_quadrivalvis.htm
Keir, A. F., & Vogler, W. (2006). A review of current knowledge of the weedy species Themeda quadrivalvis (grader grass). Tropical Grasslands, 40(4), 193-201.
Parsons, W.T., & Cuthbertson, E. G. (2001). Noxious weeds of Australia. CSIRO publishing.
PlantNET (The NSW Plant Information Network System). Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. Retrieved 23 August 2023 from https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Themeda~quadrivalvis
Vogler, W.D. and Owen, N.A. (2008). Grader grass (Themeda quadrivalvis): changing savannah ecosystems. In: van Klinken, R.D., Osten, V.A, Panetta, F.D. and Scanlan J.C. (eds). Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference. Queensland Weeds Society, Brisbane. p 213.
To prevent grader grass from spreading:
If there are only a few plants they can be dug out. If the plants have seeds they can be destroyed by burning.
Slash plants below the flowering head in the early flowering stage before they set seed. Timely slashing will limit seeding but not kill the plants.
For small infestations, plants that have been dug up plants can be burnt with a hot fire in a contained area to destroy seed. Check burn sites regularly for seedlings. Contact your local council for further disposal advice.
Spray actively growing plants at the early flowering stage. Cover all of the plant with the herbicide mix.
On pastures, graze the site first so that all desirable plants are at least 15 cm shorter than the grader grass. The wiper must be at least 10 cm higher than the desirable plants. Apply twice in opposite directions and at a low speed (less than 8 km/hr) for best results.
See Using herbicides for more information.
Glyphosate 360 g/L
(Various products)
Rate: 10 mL per 1 L of water
Comments: Handgun/ knapsack spot spray. Follow directions on label as per Kangaroo grass (Themeda australis/ Themeda triandra).
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: 9 (previously group M), Inhibition of 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3 phosphate synthase (EPSP inhibition)
Resistance risk: Moderate
Glyphosate 360 g/L
(Various products)
Rate: 6 L /ha
Comments: Boom spray. Follow directions on label as per Kangaroo grass (Themeda australis/ Themeda triandra).
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: 9 (previously group M), Inhibition of 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3 phosphate synthase (EPSP inhibition)
Resistance risk: Moderate
Glyphosate 360 g/L
(Various products)
Rate: 1 L per 2 L water (Wiper only)
Comments: Apply using wiper equipment (e.g. ropewick, canvas, felt or carpet applicators). Apply to actively growing plants at the early head stage. Operate wiper equipment a minimum of 10 cm above the crop or pasture.
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: 9 (previously group M), Inhibition of 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3 phosphate synthase (EPSP inhibition)
Resistance risk: Moderate
The content provided here is for information purposes only and is taken from the Biosecurity Act 2015 and its subordinate legislation, and the Regional Strategic Weed Management Plans (published by each Local Land Services region in NSW). It describes the state and regional priorities for weeds in New South Wales, Australia.
Area | Duty |
---|---|
All of NSW | General Biosecurity Duty All pest plants are regulated with a general biosecurity duty to prevent, eliminate or minimise any biosecurity risk they may pose. Any person who deals with any plant, who knows (or ought to know) of any biosecurity risk, has a duty to ensure the risk is prevented, eliminated or minimised, so far as is reasonably practicable. |
North Coast
Exclusion zone: Bellingen Shire LGA, Clarence Valley LGA, Kempsey Shire LGA, Lord Howe Island, Nambucca Valley LGA, Port Macquarie-Hastings LGA. Core infestation (containment) zone: Ballina Shire LGA, Byron Shire LGA, Coffs Harbour City LGA, Kyogle Shire LGA, Lismore City LGA, Richmond Valley LGA, Tweed Shire LGA. |
Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Containment)
Whole of region: Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment. Exclusion zone: Notify local control authority if found. Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. Core infestation: Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. Land managers should reduce the impact of the plant on assets of high economic, environmental and/or social value. |
*To see the Regional Strategic Weeds Management Plans containing demonstrated outcomes that fulfil the general biosecurity duty for this weed click here |
Reviewed 2024