Sticky nightshade (Solanum sisymbriifolium)

Sticky nightshade is an erect prickly plant with sticky leaves and bright red berries. It competes with crops, pastures and native plants.

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How does this weed affect you?

Sticky nightshade is an invasive plant that:
• competes with crops and pastures
• prevents native plants from growing
• has sharp prickles which can injure people, pets, livestock and native animals
• can make harvesting difficult (for example in vineyards).

Poisoning

Sticky nightshade contains steroidal glycoalkaloids toxins. It is suspected to have caused cattle deaths in the Greater Sydney Region.

What does it look like?

Sticky nightshade is an erect plant to 1.5 m high. Most of the plant is hairy and covered in very sharp prickles. It is an annual or short-lived perennial. Multiple, severe frosts may kill the above ground parts of the plant but it will reshoot from rhizomes in spring. It can flower within 5 weeks of germination or regrowth from rhizomes. Flowering is usually during spring and summer.

Leaves are:

• sticky
• green to yellowish on both sides
• 5–14 cm long and 4–10 cm wide
• with deep lobes
• hairy and prickly on both sides
• on stalks up to 4 cm long.

Prickles are:

• yellow to red
• 1–10 mm long
• on stems, leaves (top and bottom), leaf stalks and at the base of flowers.

Flowers are:

• white or pale bluish-purple
• star shaped with 5 petals that curve backwards and bright yellow anthers in the centre
• 35–50 mm in diameter
• in groups of 4–12
• present spring to summer

Fruit are:

• round berries
• bright red when ripe
• 15–20 mm diameter.

Roots:

• are extensive
• produce horizontal underground stems known as rhizomes.

Where is it found?

Sticky nightshade is mostly found in Western Sydney and the Central Tablelands. Isolated infestations have also been found in the Central West, South East, Hunter, North Coast, North West and Riverina regions.

It is native to South America.

What type of environment does it grow in?

Sticky nightshade grows in full sun and semi shade. It can grow in a wide variety of soil types and environmentss but grows best in moist soil conditions.

It grows:
• in pastures
• on cultivated land
• along waterways
• along roadsides
• on steep rocky slopes.

Maps and records

• Recorded presence of Sticky nightshade during property inspections (Map: Biosecurity Information System - Weeds, 2017-2024)
  These records are made by authorised officers during property inspections under the Biosecurity Act 2015. Officers record the presence of priority weeds in their council area and provide this to the NSW Department of Primary Industries. Records reflect the presence of the weed on the date of inspection.
  
  

How does it spread?

By Seed

The seeds spread by:
• birds and foxes eating ripe fruit and excreting viable seeds
• dead branches with fruit blowing along the ground dispersing seed
• water as the fruit floats and can be carried in runoff, rivers and streams
• slashers
• movement of contaminated soil and fodder
• movement of soil on cultivation equipment and earthmoving equipment.

Many seeds germinate under the parent plants making infestations denser.

By plant parts

Sticky nightshade can grow from root or rhizome fragments. Branches develop roots where they touch moist soil. The plant fragments are spread by:
• contaminated soil
• cultivation equipment
• earth moving equipment.

References

Deiss, L., Moraes, A., Pelissari, A., Porfirio-Da-Silva, V., & Dominschek, R. (2018). Sticky nightshade infestation and dispersion on an integrated soybean-eucalyptus system at subtropical Brazil. Planta Daninha, 36.

Hili, M. P. & Hulley, P. E. (2000). Aspects of the phenology and ecology of the South American weed, Solanum sisymbriifolium, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, African Plant Protection 6(2): 53-59.

McKenzie, R. (2012). Australia's poisonous plants, fungi and cyanobacteria: a guide to species of medical and veterinary importance. CSIRO.

Sawford, K. (2015). Suspected sticky nightshade (Solanum sisymbriifolium) intoxication in a Greater Sydney Beef Herd in Flock and Herd Case Notes. Greater Sydney Local Land Services. Retrieved 28 February 2020 from http://www.flockandherd.net.au/cattle/reader/sticky-nightshade-poisoning.html

Shukla, R., Srivastava, S., & Dvivedi, A. (2015). Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam.(Solanaceae): a new invasive undershrub of the old-fields of north-eastern Uttar Pradesh. Check list, 11, 3, Article 1643.

More information

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Control

Early detection

Check for plants regularly because sticky nightshade can flower within 5 weeks from sprouting.

Manual

Chip or dig out small plants and remove all of the roots. Wear appropriate protective clothing, boots and gloves to avoid injury from the prickles.

Cultivation

Avoid cultivating infested areas as it will move root pieces to clean areas. If it is unavoidable, remove all plant fragments and soil from cultivation machinery before moving it from the infested site.

Slashing

Avoid slashing as it can spread the weed. Slashing does not control it because the berries can grow close to the ground below the slash height.

Chemical

Spray plants according to the permit for effective control. Thoroughly spray all leaves and stems and spray the plant from all sides if possible.
Spraying will kill the plant but not the viable seeds. Remove the fruit from each plant and dispose of appropriately to avoid adding to the seed bank in the soil.

Disposal

Contact your local council for advice on how to dispose of sticky nightshade.

Herbicide options

See Using herbicides for more information.

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PERMIT 12942 Expires 30/08/2025
Glyphosate 360 g/L with Metsulfuron-methyl 600 g/kg (Various products)
Rate: A mix of 2 L glyphosate 360 herbicide plus 10 g of metsulfuron-methyl herbicide per 100 L of water (plus 500 mL of wetter/100L of water)
Comments: Spray actively growing plants, ensure all of the foliage is covered. For use in riparian areas. Apply a maximum of 2 times per year at a minimal interval of 60 days. See permit for further critical comments.
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: 9 (previously group M), Inhibition of 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3 phosphate synthase (EPSP inhibition)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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PERMIT 12942 Expires 30/08/2025
Picloram 100 g/L + Triclopyr 300 g/L + Aminopyralid 8 g/L (Grazon Extra®)
Rate: 350 to 500 mL per 100 L of water. (plus 500 mL of wetter/100L of water)
Comments: Spray actively growing plants, ensure all of the foliage is covered. Do not use within 5 m of a waterway. Apply a maximum of 2 times per year at a minimal interval of 60 days. See permit for further critical comments.
Withholding period: Where product is used to control woody weeds in pastures there is a restriction of 12 weeks for use of treated pastures for making hay and silage; using hay or other plant material for compost, mulch or mushroom substrate; or using animal waste from animals grazing on treated pastures for compost, mulching, or spreading on pasture/crops.
Herbicide group: 4 (previously group I), Disruptors of plant cell growth (Auxin mimics)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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PERMIT 12942 Expires 30/08/2025
Triclopyr 300 g/L + Picloram 100 g/L with Metsulfuron-methyl 600 g/kg (Various products)
Rate: A mix of 350 to 500 mL herbicide containing Triclopyr and Picloram plus 10g of herbicide containing metsulfuron-methyl per 100 L of water (plus 500 mL of wetter/100 L of water)
Comments: Spray actively growing plants, ensure all of the foliage is covered. For urban bushlands and forests. Do not use within 5 m of a waterway. Apply a maximum of 2 times per year at a minimal interval of 60 days. See permit for further critical comments.
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: 4 (previously group I), Disruptors of plant cell growth (Auxin mimics)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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Biosecurity duty

The content provided here is for information purposes only and is taken from the Biosecurity Act 2015 and its subordinate legislation, and the Regional Strategic Weed Management Plans (published by each Local Land Services region in NSW). It describes the state and regional priorities for weeds in New South Wales, Australia.

Regional recommended measure for Central Tablelands from February 2020

Area	Duty
All of NSW	General Biosecurity Duty All pest plants are regulated with a general biosecurity duty to prevent, eliminate or minimise any biosecurity risk they may pose. Any person who deals with any plant, who knows (or ought to know) of any biosecurity risk, has a duty to ensure the risk is prevented, eliminated or minimised, so far as is reasonably practicable.
Central Tablelands An exclusion zone is established for all lands in the Central Tablelands region except the identified core infestation area. The core infestation area of the Belubula River Catchment in Blayney Council, Cabonne Council and Cowra Shire Council areas is bounded by roads as described below. • South-east of Cargo Road between Canowindra and Cargo • South of Edinboro Lane – Charleville Road – Four Mile Creek Road – Cadia Road – Orchard Road – Forest Road – Whiley Road – Millthorpe Road on a line passing from Cargo - Spring Terrace - Spring Hill – Millthorpe. • West of Millthorpe Road between Millthorpe and Blayney • North of the Mid-Western Highway and George Russell Drive from Canowindra to Blayney.	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Containment) Within exclusion zone: Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. A person should not deal with the plant, where dealings include but are not limited to buying, selling, growing, moving, carrying or releasing the plant. Notify local control authority if found. Within core infestation area: Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment. Land managers should reduce the impact of the plant on assets of high economic, environmental and/or social value.
Hunter	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Eradication) Notify local control authority if found. Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. A person should not deal with the plant, where dealings include but are not limited to buying, selling, growing, moving, carrying or releasing the plant.
North Coast	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Eradication) Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. A person should not deal with the plant, where dealings include but are not limited to buying, selling, growing, moving, carrying or releasing the plant. Notify local control authority if found.
Northern Tablelands	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Eradication) Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. A person should not deal with the plant, where dealings include but are not limited to buying, selling, growing, moving, carrying or releasing the plant. Notify local control authority if found.
South East	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Eradication) Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. A person should not deal with the plant, where dealings include but are not limited to buying, selling, growing, moving, carrying or releasing the plant. Notify local control authority if found.
	*To see the Regional Strategic Weeds Management Plans containing demonstrated outcomes that fulfil the general biosecurity duty for this weed click here

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Reviewed 2024