Green cestrum (Cestrum parqui)

Also known as: green poison berry, Chilean cestrum

Green cestrum is a large shrub with shiny leaves, clusters of yellow flowers and shiny, black berries. It is highly poisonous to cattle and can kill both animals and humans.

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How does this weed affect you?

Green cestrum is a shrub that:

• is poisonous to people, pets, livestock and native animals
• outcompetes other vegetation
• reduces food and shelter for native animals.

Green cestrum contains a poison called ‘carboxyparquin’ that causes liver and brain damage. Bushes are still poisonous after they have been cut down or sprayed. 

Human poisoning

All parts of the plant, especially the berries, are very toxic if eaten. Eating green cestrum causes liver poisoning and can be fatal. Avoid touching the plant with bare skin.

What to do if a person is poisoned:

• If the patient is unconscious, unresponsive or having difficulty breathing dial 000 or get to the emergency section of a hospital immediately.
• If the patient is conscious and responsive call the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 or your doctor.
• If going to a hospital take a piece of the plant for identification.

Livestock poisoning

Green cestrum can cause ‘sudden death’ in livestock. Animals that appeared healthy 24 hours before will be found dead for no clear reason. Animals that have eaten green cestrum might die in a few hours, or be sick for a few days before they die.

Signs of poisoning (before death occurs) include:

• severe stomach pain
• disorientation
• walking with a stagger
• irritability
• blood streaked manure
• diarrhoea
• weakness
• not eating
• lying on the ground
• a coma or convulsions, followed by death.

Cattle are most affected. Deaths have also occurred in goats, sheep, horses, pigs and poultry.

All parts of the plant are poisonous. Even though it is not very palatable animals may eat it when other feed is scarce. Recently sprayed, wilting plants are more palatable than healthy plants and can potentially cause more deaths.

Remove stock away from paddocks when controlling green cestrum. Do not return stock until the leaf material has disintegrated or been removed.

What does it look like?

Green cestrum is a shrub that grows 2–3 m high. It usually has many light-green, brittle stems. It sometimes grows into thickets. Established plants lose most of their leaves during winter and produce new growth in spring. 

Leaves are:

• shiny, green to dark green
• 8–10 cm long and 1–3 cm wide.
• lance-shaped and pointed at both ends
• smooth edges
• foul-smelling when crushed
• alternate along the branch. 

Flowers are:

• normally yellow but can be greenish
• trumpet-shaped with 5–7 small, triangular petals
• 2.0–2.5 cm long
• in clusters at the end of branches
• pungent smelling during the day and sweet smelling in the evening 
• present from late spring to autumn.

Fruit are:

• shiny egg-shaped berries
• green when young
• black when ripe, though the dark pulp will stain fingers a purple colour if they are squashed
• shrivelled, dull black or grey if still on the bush in winter  
• 7–10 mm long 
• in clusters
• present during summer and autumn
• with several seeds.

Seeds are:

• wrinkled
• 3–5 mm long.

Stems:

• young branches are whitish
• older branches are woody and light green
• are brittle.

Where is it found?

Green cestrum has been found in all regions of NSW. It is most common in the Hunter, Greater Sydney, North Coast and North West regions.

It was introduced from South America as an ornamental garden plant. It has become a weed in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. 

What type of environment does it grow in?

Green cestrum grows in sub tropical and warm-temperate regions. It is frost tolerant and grows in a wide range of soil types and rainfall. It is common in alluvial soils along waterways. It also grows along fencelines and forest edges and in woodlands and grasslands.

Maps and records

• Recorded presence of Green cestrum during property inspections (Map: Biosecurity Information System - Weeds, 2017-2023)
  These records are made by authorised officers during property inspections under the Biosecurity Act 2015. Officers record the presence of priority weeds in their council area and provide this to the NSW Department of Primary Industries. Records reflect the presence of the weed on the date of inspection.
  
  

How does it spread?

By seed

Birds eat the berries and spread the seed. 

By plant parts

Green cestrum will sucker if stumps are not treated after cutting. The plant will also grow from root sections which remain after a plant has been partly dug or pulled out.

More information

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Control

Successful weed control relies on follow up after the initial efforts. This means looking for and killing regrowth or new seedlings. Using a combination of control methods is usually more successful.

All parts of this green cestrum are poisonous. Wear gloves and other protective clothing when handling the plant.

To tackle green cestrum:

• treat mature plants in early spring, before they flower
• control regrowth from treated plants
• look for and kill new seedlings in autumn
• use mulches and revegetate to suppress seedlings
• keep checking for new seedlings for many years because seeds can lie dormant. 

Early detection

Destroy new infestations before they flower and produce berries.

Competition

Planting and maintaining vigorous dense pasture can suppress green cestrum seedlings.

Hand removal

Small seedlings can be pulled out or dug up. Ensure all parts of the plant, including the roots, are removed. 

Mechanical removal

Repeated cutting down, digging or pushing out by mechanical equipment will control green cestrum. Remove and destroy all the yellow roots to prevent regrowth. 

Disposal

The roots can be burnt. In urban areas contact your local council for advice on disposal. Keep stock away from dead plant material as it remains poisonous. 

Chemical control

Treat actively growing plants. Early spring for mature plants, autumn for new seedlings. Keep stock away from treated plants until the leaf material has disintegrated. The plants are still poisonous and the treatment makes the plant more palatable so stock are more likely to eat it. 

Spraying

Spray actively growing plants. Various herbicides can be used for different sized plants. See details below and label conditions.

Basal barking

Basal bark application can be used for plants with stems up to 5 cm diameter at the base. Ensure the stems are dry before treating. Liberally spray the bark around the stem from ground level to 30 cm high, wetting thoroughly to the point of runoff.

Cut stump

Liquid herbicide mix: Stems should be cut less than 15 cm above the ground. Apply herbicide mixture to the cut surface and the sides of the stem immediately.

Gel herbicide: Cut stems horizontally preferably no higher than 10 cm above the ground. Apply a 3–5 mm layer of gel for stems less than 20 mm and 5 mm layer on stems above 20 mm .

Cut scrape and paint.

Cut the stems and scrape a thin layer of bark of the sides of the stems. Apply the herbicide mix to the cut and scraped sections within 15 seconds. 

Herbicide options

See Using herbicides for more information.

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PERMIT 9907 Expires 31/03/2025
Glyphosate 360 g/L (Various products)
Rate: 1 part glyphosate to 1.5 parts water
Comments: Cut, scrape and paint. See permit for additional conditions.
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: M, Inhibitors of EPSP synthase
Resistance risk: Moderate

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PERMIT 9907 Expires 31/03/2025
Glyphosate 360 g/L (Various products)
Rate: 1 part glyphosate to 50 parts water
Comments: Spot spray. See permit for additional conditions.
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: M, Inhibitors of EPSP synthase
Resistance risk: Moderate

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PERMIT 11427 Expires 30/06/2024
Triclopyr 600 g/L (Garlon® 600)
Rate: 1.0 L per 30 L of diesel
Comments: Basal bark application. DO NOT over treat as excessive run-off might affect adjacent trees and shrubs through root absorption.
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: I, Disruptors of plant cell growth (synthetic auxins)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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2,4-D 300 g/L + Picloram 75 g/L (Tordon® 75-D)
Rate: 650 mL per 100 L of water
Comments: Handgun application on actively growing bushes in full leaf.
Withholding period: Do not graze or cut crops (except sugar cane 8 weeks) or pastures for stock food for 7 days after application.
Herbicide group: I, Disruptors of plant cell growth (synthetic auxins)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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Amitrole 250 g/L + Ammonium thiocyanate 220 g/L (Various products)
Rate: 1.1 L per 100 L of water
Comments: Handgun application on active growth, before flowering.
Withholding period: Nil
Herbicide group: Q, Bleachers: Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis unknown target
Resistance risk: Moderate

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Picloram 100 g/L + Triclopyr 300 g/L + Aminopyralid 8 g/L (Grazon Extra®)
Rate: 500 mL in 100 L of water
Comments: Apply from late spring to early autumn. Any regrowth and seedlings should be resprayed when 1 m high.
Withholding period: Where product is used to control woody weeds in pastures there is a restriction of 12 weeks for use of treated pastures for making hay and silage; using hay or other plant material for compost, mulch or mushroom substrate; or using animal waste from animals grazing on treated pastures for compost, mulching, or spreading on pasture/crops.
Herbicide group: I, Disruptors of plant cell growth (synthetic auxins)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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Picloram 44.7 g/L + Aminopyralid 4.47 g/L (Vigilant II ®)
Rate: Undiluted
Comments: Cut stump application: Apply a 3–5 mm layer of gel for stems less than 20 mm. Apply 5 mm layer on stems above 20 mm .
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: I, Disruptors of plant cell growth (synthetic auxins)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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Triclopyr 240 g/L + Picloram 120 g/L (Access™ )
Rate: 1.0 L per 60 L of diesel (or biodiesel such as Biosafe).
Comments: Basal bark application for plants with stems up to 5 cm diameter at the base. See label for information about using biodiesel.
Withholding period: Nil
Herbicide group: I, Disruptors of plant cell growth (synthetic auxins)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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Triclopyr 300 g/L + Picloram 100 g/L (Various products)
Rate: 500 mL per 100 L of water
Comments: Apply from late spring to early autumn. Any regrowth and seedlings should be resprayed when 1 m high.
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: I, Disruptors of plant cell growth (synthetic auxins)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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Triclopyr 600 g/L (Garlon® 600)
Rate: 170 mL per 100 L of water
Comments: Spray plants 1 - 2 m tall. Some regrowth may be expected the following season which can be sprayed after hardening off.
Withholding period: Nil.
Herbicide group: I, Disruptors of plant cell growth (synthetic auxins)
Resistance risk: Moderate

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Biosecurity duty

The content provided here is for information purposes only and is taken from the Biosecurity Act 2015 and its subordinate legislation, and the Regional Strategic Weed Management Plans (published by each Local Land Services region in NSW). It describes the state and regional priorities for weeds in New South Wales, Australia.

Area	Duty
All of NSW	General Biosecurity Duty All pest plants are regulated with a general biosecurity duty to prevent, eliminate or minimise any biosecurity risk they may pose. Any person who deals with any plant, who knows (or ought to know) of any biosecurity risk, has a duty to ensure the risk is prevented, eliminated or minimised, so far as is reasonably practicable.
Central Tablelands Contain recorded populations across the Central Tablelands region.	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Containment) Whole of region: Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment. Land managers should reduce the impact of the plant on assets of high economic, environmental and/or social value.
Central West	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Asset Protection) Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment. Land managers should reduce the impact of the plant on assets of high economic, environmental and/or social value.
Greater Sydney	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Asset Protection) Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment.
Hunter	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Asset Protection) Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment. Land managers should reduce the impact of the plant on assets of high economic, environmental and/or social value.
Murray	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Eradication) Land managers should mitigate the risk of new weeds being introduced to their land. Plant should not be bought, sold, grown, carried or released into the environment. Notify local control authority if found.
North Coast Exclusion (eradication) zone: Clarence Valley LGA, Lord Howe Island, Port Macquarie-Hastings LGA. Core infestation (containment) zone: Ballina Shire LGA, Bellingen Shire LGA, Byron Shire LGA, Coffs Harbour City LGA, Kempsey Shire LGA, Kyogle Shire LGA, Lismore City LGA, Nambucca Valley LGA, Richmond Valley LGA, Tweed Shire LGA.	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Containment) Whole of region: Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment. Exclusion zone: Notify local control authority if found. Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. Core infestation: Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. Land managers should reduce the impact of the plant on assets of high economic, environmental and/or social value.
North West An exclusion zone is established for all lands in the region, except the core infestation area comprising the Gunnedah Shire council, Gwydir Shire council, Narrabri Shire council and Tamworth Regional council.	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Containment) Whole of region: Land managers mitigate the risk of new weeds being introduced to their land. Within exclusion zone: Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. A person should not deal with the plant, where dealings include but are not limited to buying, selling, growing, moving, carrying or releasing the plant. Notify local control authority if found. Within core infestation: Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment. Land managers should reduce the impact of the plant on assets of high economic, environmental and/or social value.
Northern Tablelands An exclusion zone is established for all the lands in the region, except the core infestation area comprising lands within the: • Inverell Shire Council, riparian areas of the MacIntyre River, Severn River, Beardy River and Frazers Creek. • Tenterfield Shire Council, riparian areas of the Tooloom River, Beardy River, Dumaresq River and Clarence rivers.	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Containment) Whole of region: Land managers mitigate the risk of new weeds being introduced to their land. Within exclusion zone: Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. A person should not deal with the plant, where dealings include but are not limited to buying, selling, growing, moving, carrying or releasing the plant. Notify local control authority if found. Within core infestation: Land managers should mitigate spread of the plant from their land. A person should not buy, sell, move, carry or release the plant into the environment. Land managers should reduce the impact of the plant on assets of high economic, environmental and/or social value.
Riverina	Regional Recommended Measure* (for Regional Priority - Eradication) Land managers should mitigate the risk of the plant being introduced to their land. Land managers should eradicate the plant from the land and keep the land free of the plant. A person should not deal with the plant, where dealings include but are not limited to buying, selling, growing, moving, carrying or releasing the plant. Notify local control authority if found.
	*To see the Regional Strategic Weeds Management Plans containing demonstrated outcomes that fulfil the general biosecurity duty for this weed click here

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Reviewed 2023